How Transformer Bushings Work: Типы, Failure Causes and Maintenance Guide

A transformer is designed to operate reliably for decades, but some components require more attention than others. Among all transformer accessories, трансформаторные втулки​ are among the most critical components because they provide the connections between the internal windings and the external power network.

Although a bushing looks like a simple insulating component, it actually performs several important functions:

• Carrying high-voltage current safely;
• Preventing electrical breakdown between conductor and transformer tank;
• Maintaining insulation performance under temperature, влажность, and pollution conditions;
• Ensuring reliable operation of the transformer throughout its service life.

A damaged transformer bushing can lead to partial discharge, insulation failure, oil leakage, and even unexpected transformer shutdown.

For power utilities, промышленные предприятия, и проекты возобновляемой энергетики, understanding transformer bushings is essential for proper selection and maintenance.

1. Что такое трансформаторная втулка?

A transformer bushing is an insulated device installed on the transformer tank that allows an electrical conductor to pass safely through the grounded enclosure.

Inside an oil immersed transformer, the winding is surrounded by transformer oil for insulation and cooling. Однако, the electrical connection must extend outside the transformer to connect with cables, шины, or switchgear.

The transformer bushing creates a safe transition point:

Transformer winding → Internal conductor → Transformer bushing → External power connection

Without a suitable bushing, the high-voltage conductor would create excessive electrical stress and could cause insulation failure.

2. How Does a Transformer Bushing Work?

The main challenge of a transformer bushing is controlling the electric field around the high-voltage conductor.

High voltage creates strong electrical stress. If the stress is concentrated in one area, the insulation material may deteriorate over time.

Modern transformer bushings use multiple insulation layers and grading structures to distribute the electric field evenly.

The main components include:

A high-quality bushing must maintain stable insulation performance during:

• Normal operation;
• Short circuit conditions;
• Temperature changes;
• Environmental exposure.

3. Main Types of Transformer Bushings

Different transformer applications require different bushing designs.

3.1 Oil Impregnated Paper (ОИП) Втулки

Oil Impregnated Paper (ОИП) bushings are widely used in traditional power transformers.

The insulation system consists of:

• Special insulating paper;
• Conductive grading layers;
• Трансформаторное масло.

Преимущества:

• Proven technology;
• Длительная история эксплуатации;
• Suitable for medium and high voltage transformers.

OIP bushings are commonly used in:

• Распределительные трансформаторы;
• Power transformers;
• Substation equipment.

Однако, they require regular inspection because oil aging and moisture can reduce insulation performance.

3.2 Resin Impregnated Paper (RIP) Втулки

RIP bushings use epoxy resin instead of oil as the main insulation material.

Преимущества:

• Отсутствие риска утечки масла;
• Lower maintenance requirement;
• Better environmental performance.

They are increasingly used in:

• Renewable energy substations;
• Modern power networks;
• High-voltage applications.

3.3 Porcelain vs Composite Bushings

The external insulation material is another important consideration.

Composite bushings are becoming popular in coastal areas and regions with heavy pollution because of their excellent resistance to environmental conditions.

4. Common Transformer Bushing Failure Causes

Although transformer bushings are designed for long service life, several factors can cause failure.

4.1 Moisture Ingress

Moisture is one of the biggest threats to transformer insulation.

Common causes:

• Aging seals;
• Damaged gasket;
• Improper storage;
• Poor installation.

Moisture reduces dielectric strength and accelerates insulation aging.

4.2 Insulation Aging

After years of operation, insulation materials naturally deteriorate.

Typical signs include:

• Increased dielectric loss;
• Reduced insulation resistance;
• Partial discharge activity.

Regular testing helps identify problems before failure occurs.

4.3 Утечка масла

Oil leakage is one of the easiest problems to identify visually.

Possible reasons:

• Aging sealing gasket;
• Loose flange connection;
• Temperature expansion;
• Mechanical damage.

Even minor oil leakage should be inspected because it may allow moisture to enter the insulation system.

4.4 Overheating

Excessive temperature can damage the bushing insulation.

Possible causes:

• Loose electrical connections;
• High contact resistance;
• Transformer overload.

Long-term overheating significantly reduces bushing lifespan.

5. How to Select the Right Transformer Bushings?

When purchasing or replacing transformer bushings, engineers should consider several parameters.

1. Номинальное напряжение

The bushing voltage rating must match the transformer system voltage.

Example:

• 11kV transformer → 12kV class bushing
• 33kV transformer → 36kV class bushing

2. Номинальный ток

The bushing current rating must be higher than the transformer operating current.

Incorrect selection may cause overheating.

3. Установочные размеры

Before ordering replacement bushings, always confirm:

• Mounting hole dimensions;
• Размер фланца;
• Conductor connection type;
• Overall height;
• Расстояние утечки.

Many replacement problems occur because the electrical parameters are correct but the mechanical dimensions are different.

4. Applicable Standards

Common transformer bushing standards include:

• МЭК 60137: Insulated bushings for AC voltages above 1000V;
• IEEE standards for power equipment applications.

6. Transformer Bushings Maintenance Checklist

Regular inspection can significantly extend transformer service life.

7. Common Questions About Transformer Bushings

How long does a transformer bushing last?

A high-quality transformer bushing can typically operate for 20–30 years or longer under proper maintenance.

What causes transformer bushing failure?

The main causes include moisture, insulation aging, перегрев, oil leakage, and mechanical damage.

Can a transformer bushing be replaced?

Да. Replacement is possible if the new bushing matches:

• Номинальное напряжение;
• Current rating;
• Mechanical dimensions;
• Требования к установке.

Why do transformer bushings crack?

Cracking may result from mechanical stress, temperature changes, aging, or external impact.

Manufacturer Insight

As a transformer manufacturer and transformer accessories supplier, PDDN understands that reliable transformer operation depends not only on the transformer body but also on every connected component.

For transformer bushing replacement or OEM requirements, customers should provide:

• Transformer rated voltage;
• Current rating;
• Installation drawing;
• Existing bushing model;
• Required standard.

This information helps ensure electrical compatibility and reliable installation.

О ПДДН

ПДДН is the online platform ofЛоянская компания Datang Energy Technology Co., ООО., a trusted manufacturer and global supplier ofсиловые трансформаторы, аксессуары для трансформаторов, switchgear components, battery energy storage systems (БЕСС), and EV charging solutions. Since 2015, we have supported utility companies, EPC contractors, and industrial customers worldwide with reliable products, OEM/ODM services, and technical expertise.